Another proving problem, this time on Real Analysis.
Problem
- Prove that the Lebesgue outer measure is translation invariant. (Use the property that, the length of an interval $l$ is translation invariant.)
Solution
- Proof. The outer measure is translation invariant if for $y\in \mathbb{R}$,
\begin{equation}\nonumber
\mu^{*}(A)=\mu^{*}(A+y)
\end{equation}
Hence, we need to show that Case 1: $\mu^{*}(A)\leq \mu^{*}(A+y)$; and Case 2: $\mu^{*}(A+y)\leq \mu^{*}(A)$.
Case 1: Consider a countable collection $\{I_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$, and let \begin{equation}\nonumber W = \left\{\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}l(I_n)\mid A\subseteq\displaystyle\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}I_n\right\} \end{equation} Then the outer measure of $A$ is, \begin{equation}\nonumber \mu^{*}(A)=\inf\,\{W\}. \end{equation} Now consider $x\in W$, then there is a particular collection $\hat{I}_n$ that covers $A$, such that $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}l(\hat{I}_n)=x$, and that of course is the $\inf\,\{W\}$. Further, we see that the collection $\{\hat{I}_n+y\}$ covers $A+y$, that is, $A+y\subseteq \displaystyle\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}\{\hat{I}_n + y\}$. And from this, we obtain the following outer measure: \begin{equation}\nonumber \begin{aligned} \mu^{*}(A+y)&=\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}l(\hat{I}_n+y)\\ &=\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}l(\hat{I}_n),\;\text{since}\;l\;\text{is translation invariant}.\\ &=x. \end{aligned} \end{equation} And therefore, $W\subseteq\left\{\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}I_n\mid A+y\subseteq \displaystyle\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}I_n\right\}$, implying $\mu^{*}(A)\leq \mu^{*}(A+y)$.
Case 2: Using the same flow of reasoning as in Case 1, consider a countable collection $\{I_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$, and let \begin{equation}\nonumber V = \left\{\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}l(I_n)\mid A+y\subseteq\displaystyle\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}I_n\right\} \end{equation} Then the outer measure of $A$ is, \begin{equation}\nonumber \mu^{*}(A+y)=\inf\,\{V\}. \end{equation} Now consider $x\in V$, then there is a particular collection $\hat{I}_n$ that covers $A+y$, such that $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}l(\hat{I}_n)=x$, and that of course is the $\inf\,\{V\}$. Further, we see that the collection $\{\hat{I}_n+(-y)\}$ covers $A$, that is, $A\subseteq \displaystyle\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}\{\hat{I}_n + (-y)\}$. And from this, we obtain the following outer measure: \begin{equation}\nonumber \begin{aligned} \mu^{*}(A)&=\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}l(\hat{I}_n+(-y))\\ &=\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}l(\hat{I}_n),\;\text{since}\;l\;\text{is translation invariant}.\\ &=x. \end{aligned} \end{equation} And therefore, $V\subseteq\left\{\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}I_n\mid A\subseteq \displaystyle\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}I_n\right\}$, implying $\mu^{*}(A+y)\leq \mu^{*}(A)$.
Since we have shown both cases, then $\mu^{*}(A)=\mu^{*}(A+y).\hspace{3.7cm}\blacksquare$
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